What is covered
A complete IoT solution spans four distinct layers. The device layer involves firmware written in MicroPython or C against an RTOS, targeting hardware such as ESP32, Espressif's low-cost Wi-Fi and Bluetooth microcontroller, or Raspberry Pi, a single-board computer used as an IoT gateway. The connectivity layer selects and configures the right protocol: MQTT, a lightweight publish-subscribe messaging protocol, for high-frequency telemetry; CoAP, the Constrained Application Protocol, for low-power devices; and LoRaWAN, a long-range low-power wide-area network protocol, for field sensors transmitting over several kilometres. The cloud layer provisions device registries, message brokers and time-series storage using InfluxDB or TimescaleDB on AWS IoT Core, Azure IoT Hub or Google Cloud IoT Core. The application layer delivers React dashboards and Node.js backends that surface sensor data to operations teams. Gaps between these layers, firmware that does not match the chosen protocol, or a cloud broker misconfigured for device certificate authentication, are the most common cause of project delays, which is why a single team owning all four layers reduces integration risk.
















Device types and sensor variants
Firmware written from scratch
Cloud platform and architecture tier
Communication protocol integration
Third-party system integrations